Chipmunk Facts (Subfamily Xerinae)

Chipmunk Facts (Subfamily Xerinae) Chipmunks are small, ground-dwelling rodents known for stuffing their cheeks with nuts. They belong to the squirrel family Sciuridae and the subfamily Xerinae. The common name of chipmunk probably derived from the Ottawa jidmoonh, which means red squirrel or one who descends trees headlong. In English, the word was written as chipmonk or chipmunk. Fast Facts: Chipmunk Scientific Name: Subfamily Xerinae (e.g., Tamius striatus)Common Names: Chipmunk, ground squirrel, striped squirrelBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4-7 inches with a 3-5 inch tailWeight: 1-5 ouncesLifespan: 3 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Forests of North America and northern AsiaPopulation: Abundant, stable or declining population (depends on species)Conservation Status: Endangered to Least Concern (depends on species) Species There are three chipmunk genera and 25 species. Tamias striatus is the eastern chipmunk. Eutamias sibiricus is the Siberian chipmunk. The genus Neotamias includes 23 species, mostly found in western North America and collectively known as western chipmunks. Description According to National Geographic, chipmunks are the smallest members of the squirrel family. The largest chipmunk is the eastern chipmunk, which can reach 11 inches in body length with a 3 to 5 inch tail and weigh up to 4.4 ounces. Other species, on average, grow to 4 to 7 inches in length with a 3 to 5 inch tail and weigh between 1 and 5 ounces. A chipmunk has short legs and a bushy tail. Its fur is usually reddish brown on the upper body and paler on the lower body, with black, white, and brown stripes running down its back. It has pouches in its cheeks which are used to transport food. Chipmunks have cheek pouches they fill with food. Frank Cezus, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Chipmunks are ground-dwelling mammals that prefer rocky, deciduous wooded habitats. The eastern chipmunk lives in southern Canada and the eastern United States. Western chipmunks inhabit the western United States and much of Canada. The Siberian chipmunk lives in northern Asia, including Siberia in Russia and Japan. Diet Like other squirrels, chipmunks cannot digest cellulose in wood, so they obtain nutrients from an omnivorous diet. Chipmunks forage throughout the day for nuts, seeds, fruit, and buds. They also eat produce farmed by humans, including grains and vegetables, as well as worms, bird eggs, small arthropods, and small frogs. Behavior Chipmunks use their cheek pouches to transport and store food. The rodents dig burrows for nesting and torpor during the winter. They do not truly hibernate, as they awaken periodically to eat from their food caches. Adults mark territory with cheek scent glands and urine. Chipmunks also communicate using complex vocal sounds, ranging from a fast chittering sound to a croak. Baby chipmunks are born hairless and blind. legna69, Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Chipmunks lead solitary lives except for breeding and raising young. They breed once or twice a year and have a 28- to 35-day gestation period. A typical litter ranges from 3 to 8 pups. Pups are born hairless and blind and only weigh between 3 and 5 grams (about the weight of a coin). The female is solely responsible for their care. She weans them around 7 weeks of age. Pups are independent by 8 weeks of age and sexually mature when they are 9 months old. In the wild, chipmunks have many predators. They may survive two or three years. In captivity, chipmunks may live eight years. Conservation Status Most chipmunk species are classified as least concern by the IUCN and have stable populations. This includes the eastern and Siberian chipmunk. However, some species of western chipmunk are endangered or have decreasing populations. For example, Bullers chipmunk (Neotamias bulleri) is listed as vulnerable and Palmers chipmunk (Neotamias palmeri) is listed as endangered. Threats include habitat fragmentation and loss and natural disasters, such as forest fires. Some people keep chipmunks as pets. Carlos Ciudad Photos, Getty Images Chipmunks and Humans Some people consider chipmunks to be garden pests. Others keep them as pets. While chipmunks are intelligent and affectionate, there are some drawbacks to keeping them in captivity. They may bite or become aggressive, they mark scent using their cheeks and urine, and care must be taken to accommodate their hibernation schedule. In the wild, chipmunks generally do not carry rabies. However, some in the western United States carry plague. While wild chipmunks are friendly and cute, its best to avoid contact, especially if they appear sick. Sources Cassola, F. Tamias striatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 (errata version published in 2017): e.T42583A115191543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42583A22268905.enGordon, Kenneth Llewellyn.  The Natural History and Behavior of the Western Chipmunk and the Mantled Ground Squirrel.  Oregon, 1943.Kays, R. W.; Wilson, Don E. Mammals of North America (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 72, 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-14092-6.Patterson, Bruce D.; Norris, Ryan W. Towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels: the status of the Holarctic chipmunks. Mammalia. 80 (3): 241–251, 2016. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0004Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. Tamias (Tamias) striatus. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.), 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Squat Lobsters

Squat Lobsters In their book The Biology of Squat Lobsters, Poor, et. al. say that despite the fact that many have not heard of them,  squat lobsters are far from hidden. They say they are dominant, numerous and highly visible crustaceans on seamounts, continental margins, many shelf environments and coral reefs at all depths, and at hydrothermal vents. These often colorful animals  are also featured in many underwater photos and video. Squat Lobster Species There are over 900 species of squat lobsters, and it is thought that there are  many more yet to be discovered. One of the most famous squat lobsters in recent times is the yeti crab, which was discovered during surveys conducted in conjunction with the Census of Marine Life.   Identification Squat lobsters are small, often colorful animals. They can be less than one inch to about 4 inches  in length, depending upon the species.  Squat lobsters have 10 legs. The first pair of legs are  very long and contain  claws.   The three pairs of legs after that are used for walking. The fifth pair has small claws and may be used for cleaning gills. This fifth pair of legs is much smaller than the legs in true crabs.    Squat lobsters have a short abdomen that is  folded under their body.  Unlike lobsters and crayfish, squat lobsters dont have true uropods (the appendages that form the tail fan).   Lobster Cocktail? Squat lobsters are in the  infraorder  Anomura - many of the animals in this  infraorder  are called crabs, but they are not true crabs. They arent lobsters, either. In fact, squat lobsters are more closely related to hermit crabs than to lobsters (e.g., the American lobster). In the seafood world, they may be marketed as  langostino  lobsters (langostino  is Spanish for prawn) and even sold as shrimp cocktail. Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Subclass: Eumalacostraca Order: Decapoda Infraorder: Anomura Families: Chirostylidae and Galatheidae Habitat and Distribution Squat lobsters live in oceans around the world, with the exception of the coldest Arctic and Antarctic waters.   They can be found on sandy bottoms and hidden in rocks and crevices. They also may be found in the deep sea around seamounts, hydrothermal vents  and in underwater canyons. Feeding Depending on the species, squat lobsters may eat plankton, detritus or dead animals.   Some feed on bacteria at hydrothermal vents. Some (e.g.,  Munidopsis  andamanica) are even specialized to eat wood from sunken trees and shipwrecks.   Reproduction The reproductive habits of squat lobsters are not well known. Like other crustaceans, they lay eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae that eventually develop into juvenile, and then adult, squat lobsters.   Conservation and Human Uses Squat lobsters are relatively small, so fisheries around them have not developed in many areas. However, as mentioned above, they may be harvested and sold as cocktail shrimp or in lobster dishes, and can be  used as feed stock for chickens and at fish farms. References and Further Information Aquarium of the Pacific. Squat Lobster. Accessed April 29, 2014.Bok, M. 2010. Wood-eating Squat Lobsters of the Deep. Arthropoda Blog. Accessed April 29, 2014.Kilgour, M. 2008. Squat Lobsters: More Questions Than Answers. NOAA Ocean Explorer. Accessed May 5, 2014.  McLaughlin, P., S. Ahyong J.K. Lowry (2002 onwards). Anomura: Families. Version: 2 October 2002. http://crustacea.net.Poor, G., Ahyong, S. and J. Taylor. 2011. The Biology of Squat Lobsters. Accessed online via Google Books, April 29, 2014.Schmidt, C. 2007. No Matter What You Call It, Squat Isnt Lobster. Wild Catch Magazine. Accessed April 29, 2014.WoRMS. 2014. Anomura. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species, May 5, 2014.

The Social Impact of Two Artwork Collections Case Study

The Social Impact of Two Artwork Collections - Case Study Example This leads to the question that needs answers, which is: what does art research contribute to the society? The question can also query what the influence or the impacts of arts research are, outside the circles of academic work. Through the exploration of two artwork collections, the impact should be demonstrated in social, economic, and cultural circles. Through this paper, the author will demonstrate the social impact of the exhibitions created by two artists; more attention will be offered to the reactions and the responses of visitors. This study will be used to explore the role played by artworks and its impacts in the society. For this particular case study, the researcher will only focus on the social impact of artworks, as tools that can be used to drive change or to communicate a message within the society. A descriptive model will be used for this study. The study will rely on the reactions offered by the viewers of the two artworks, as well as a review of available literature about the two artworks used as the cases for the study. Through the combination of the information collected from different sources of literature, as well as the views offered by the visitors that viewed the two artworks After consolidating the information collected from the different sources, the author will consolidate the information into a unified set of conclusions, summarizing information about the intended audience, the intended outcomes, the role of the artworks in society and also the impacts of the works. Through the review of the literature, it was found that the ‘translation’ exhibition was developed by Jim Pattison, who is a lecturer at the School of Fine Art, at the University of Dundee (University of Dundee). The research of Jim Pattison took more than ten years, focusing on the translation of information and images using digital equipment, entailing the remodeling and the transformation of  the virtual images captured during his exposure to medical procedures.  

Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econ - Essay Example This paper will look at the law of supply and demand and how it is applied in real life. The law of supply and demand is perhaps the most basic concepts taught in economics class. The law of supply and demand enables us to understand the setting of quantity demanded and price set in the market. It also stresses that the price level and quantity demanded varies according to changes in the markets through which there are movements within or shifts in demand and supply curves. First, the law of supply stresses that: (1) "at higher prices, producers are willing to offer more products for sale than at lower prices;" (2) "the supply increases as prices increases and decreases as prices decreases;" and (3) "those already in business will try to increase production as a way of increasing profits" (qtd from Reviews of Laws of Supply and Demand 1). This law creates a supply curve which is upward sloping. Logically speaking, manufacturers will tend to decide to supply more in the market if the price for their product is high. With lower prices, they have less motivation to increase production as profits are squeezed out. On the other hand, the law of demand states that: (1) "people will buy more of a product at a lower price than at a higher price;" (2) "at a lower price, more people can afford to buy more goods and more of an item more frequently, than they can at a higher price;" and (3) "at lower prices, people tend to buy some goods as a substitute for other more expensive"(qtd from Reviews of Laws of Supply and Demand 2). These reasons are consistent with the fact that people want to maximize utility through the consumption of more goods and services. Since they only have limited income, their overall aim is to find lower prices or lower priced goods in order to allocate this budget most efficiently. The law of demand and supply determines the price charged and the quantity demanded in the market. Through market forces, the prices tend to be at equilibrium where suppliers are willing to sell goods and buyers would be willing to pay at that level. With this intersection also is the quantity demanded which determines the amount that buyers are willing to buy and suppliers are willing to provide the market with. The operation of the law of supply and demand becomes more apparent in the present economic situation in the US. As customers struggle with lower income levels, they tend to buy lower priced goods than higher priced ones. This is true in my case; price becomes one of the primary considerations in my purchases because I would want to maximize the utility that I derive from my money. Also, I would demand more of a product if the price is lower. For instance, since burgers cost $4, I would only have to consume 1 in order to have money for drinks. However, if the price goes down to $2 each, then I will be willing to purchase two burgers. For a supplier, prices now also become more constraining. They wouldn't want to sell products which will not be profitable for them. Using the burger example and assumption of $4 as the equilibrium price, suppliers would be willing to supply 20 burgers at that level. Raise the price to $5 and they would say that they would even want to supply 30 or more because of the profit prospect. If prices decline to $2, then they might

The Medieval Church Essay Example for Free

The Medieval Church Essay Lingberg and Duffy have a different look on The Medieval Church in the middle Ages. Unfortunately though, the church is often regarded as the capital of corruption, evil, and worldliness. An overview of the crisis concerned with farming, famine and the Black Death. I thought Lindberg was more persuasive than Duffy because of how he thought about farming, famine and the Black Death. As the Medieval church did offer many opportunities for ordinary people, makes us think they did not really cared about religion at all. The King needed the medieval church for political reasons, he did think about religion too. The medieval church offered salvation, for people to confess their sins to the priest. In medieval times people needed to go to heaven the only way was through the church. People were not allowed to think differently to what church had taught them, People were told that God had willed it; they needed religion and explanations to survive. The Church was really important in Medieval times than it is now. In those days people needed Church and religion to get their way through life. The Church controlled everyone even the King. It was important to people because it provided education for ordinary people, the priests gave advice, care and leisure in addition to religion. People needed priests to marry, baptize and bury them, without the church there would be no priests to do that. This shows that the Church was important to people in medieval ages. As we know not many people believe in heaven and hell now, but almost everyone believed in them in medieval ages. Everyone wanted to go to heaven when they died. They followed the church’s rules because it was the only way; they had to confess to their sins to the priest, for forgiveness from God. The church was more important to the king. He needed it to do coronations because they were religious ceremonies. Recognition by the church was important for Kings in the Middle Ages their reputation counted on it. People who were banned from the church and the kings were known as social outcasts. Duffy argues that the churches were directly tied into politics and laws of the land, there was very little distinction between what was holy and what was not. Much of the church was constructed of people who were wealthy and in positions of power; this was an avenue to  exercise that power was a bit more. They were abundant in the church and were a major part of that mindset that one’s work can get them into heaven. Much of the reform brought about by Martin Luther challenged the notion of purgatory, and therefore the significance of indulgences the way the church was misusing them. As many things define the distinct characteristics of history, the Christian church has made a remarkable milestone especially during the Middle Ages. Christianitys emergence as an official religion influenced not only the church, it enabled people to look beyond the obsession of power and worldly pleasures, but to a final and ultimate reward for a life well spent. Everybody put their faith in the hope and love of the Christian God. It gave the people goals and led them to the right path, yet why is it looked down upon so harshly? Maybe it was because of the wealth it exemplified, or the deterioration of morality in the popes. A contemporary account states: â€Å"The money was indeed the thing that killed the Jews. If they had been poor and if the feudal lords had not been in debt to them, they would not have been burnt† (Marcus 1973: 47). One can heedlessly conclude that the Medieval church was corrupt and unholy, but that would not justify its existence. Accordingly, the church was just trying to adjust itself to an age of chaos and uncertainty. Lindberg argued that along with the monetary benefits indulgence held for the church, there was a psychological component which kept the faithful in a state of fear of purgatory or even worse hell. This was one of the major abuses and signs of corruption in the Medieval Church. The Reformation more often emphasizes its social dimension, going beyond the doctrinal issues that divided Europeans. Because religion helped shape every aspect of European life, the practices of the new churches caused major changes. Duffys argues that the English Reformation was inevitable nor that it was the sole means by which the cause of human freedom could progress. Sacramental ceremonies from baptism to last rites had long marked key moments in the lives, families and communities. By abolishing or changing the sacraments, the Medieval Church challenged the social meaning of these rituals. This shattered older understandings about sexuality and personal holiness and led to intensified debate about the role of women in society resistance. Poor relief and charity meant something different when they no longer served as rich peoples way to perform penance. The idea that the medieval church was  immoral. Maybe putting together one thousand years of the history of the church with a disregard to any historical development may represent the medieval church as a corrupt institution, but still it is not necessary to go as far as to say that the church was corrupt. It is also worth noting that not all contemporaries who were interested in the reformation joined Luther in his famous feature, the Reformation. With this in mind, Luther and other reformers are usually credited with bringing the church back to the New Testament ideal, which is not necessarily the case. The Reformation in particular seems all the more worthy of when we realize that it may not have been merely an inevitable reaction to a corrupt Church but instead maybe a spontaneous movement, simultaneous or nearly so with similar movements that reformed politics and economics in equally radical ways. Works Cited Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2010. Print.

Careful Media Selection Contributes to a Successful Campaign for British Airways :: Business Management Studies

Careful Selection of Media Contributes to a Successful Campaign for British Airways Within BA they understand that the most powerful tool to getting a persuasive message across is through media advertisement, media advertisement allows BA’s message to capture wide audiences depending which type of media it is. The media can contribute mass target audiences which is very useful for objectives like increasing customers and capturing wider target groups this means in other words getting BA’s message across to wide range of the population. Depending on the type of media advertisement enables BA to get recognized as well as lets the public know about their activities, but different media has different effects and can attract certain people this means in other words the contribution of the different media has certain results like for example when advertising in a sports magazine the message gets to that magazines audiences which might be 18 – 35 healthy living individuals. By using different and more than one advertising media helps the company to attract different and wider target groups, which will then help them to get a successful campaign through effectively communicating to their target groups. There are different types of advertisement media that companies use to communicate to their customers and potential customers, each of the different types of media has an advantage which can help promotional campaigns to be more accurate in getting messages across to target groups. The different advertisement medias are: Â · Newspaper advertisements – this type of advertisement contributes to a campaign a clear message whether it is through an image or simple text, it helps promotional campaigns to reach newsreaders depending on the type of newspaper (local, or national). A local newspaper enables the BA to communicate to local residents readers this means in other words through local newspapers this advertisement method helps BA’s promotional campaign to get publicity within the city or local residents. National newspaper like for example The Sun gets the message across to wider readers across UK to see BA’s advertisement. Newspaper media advertisement attracts readers such as older generation because they tend to read more than the younger generation. Â · TV advertisement – for BA this is the most effective way of advertisement and getting the message across to wider target groups, this methods contributes to the success of promotional campaign a visual expression of BA’s services by using color and live motion advertisement. This methods enables the individual person who is watching a description of the service that BA is advertising and visual features which might be appealing. The different audiences can be targeted through careful planning of what channel to advertise

Police Professionalism Essay

Professionalism refers to the skill, competence or standards expected of a member of a profession. It involves the adoption of a set of values and attitudes by members of an occupation that are consistent with a professional ideology. Professionalization is a process of legitimization an occupation goes through as it endeavors to improve its social status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The various characteristics of a profession include the following (Roberg and Kuykendall, 1993). A well developed body of professional literature materials. A high degree of generalized and systematic knowledge with a theoretical base. This is achieved through research. A high degree of self control of behavior governed by a code of ethics. The code of ethics is a statement of values ensures a high quality of serving. It   Ã‚  also guarantees competency of membership, honor and integrity. The code is a direct expression of the profession’s principles of service orientation. It emphasizes no personal gain and protection of the client. Membership in professional organizations and associations. Dedication to self-improvement. Existence of a unique, identifiable academic field of knowledge attainable through education. There is a system of testing the competence of members.   Police professionalism has been a focal point in the past for police reformers. The ambiguity of the role of the police has however seriously hampered efforts to professionalize the police because deciding on the proper role of the police is a necessary step to outlining steps towards professionalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police professionalism can mean different things in different places and at different times making agreement on the requirement for a professional police force unlikely. Police professionalism may refer to police organizations as police officers, or both. Some police administrators refer to tangible improvements such as latest technology like computers and weaponry, as signs of professionalism. However this is not true in reference to the characteristics of professionalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently the police are struggling to meet the requirements of a profession. Clearly there is a growing body of professional literature on the police. Some Journals like police studies and America journal of the police contain reports of police research. There are also penodicals and a rapid expanding number of government reports on police that contribute more information on police operations and organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A code of ethics for the police has been developed and modified by the International Association of heads of police. Although some police may be unfamiliar with its contents, indications show that many officers know the code exists. However the code of conduct offers little control over the police. This is because there is no professional standards committee that reviews and sanctions police for the violation of their own code. (Gaines, kappeler & Vaughn, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a number of professional policed associations especially for chief executive officers. Organizations like Fraternal Order of the police are oriented toward rank-and-file officers as well but they have typically served as organizations and collective bargain agents. In recent years there has been expansion of professional organizations among police planners, investigators and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On dedication to self-improvement, currently there are no national minimum standards for either departments or police personnel. Many states do not even allow training on a constant basis after completion of the basic training program. However among the progressive police personnel, there is an increased interest in establishing high police officer standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A study in police has lately emerged. Many college-level academic programs in policing and criminal justice have emerged. Regardless of the quality of the programs and consensus on the topics covered in these programs, there is increasing number of officers earning undergraduate and graduate degrees in police science, law enforcement, and criminal justice programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of these achievements however, attainment of police professionalism remains an elusive goal. Dedication to the attainment of professional standards exists among some police executives and totally lacks among many others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many officers resist this pursuit of professionalism on the basis that their jobs are blue collar shift works that involve little need for advanced education. This reduces dedication to self-improvement. In addition unionization of police officers sometimes inhibits progress toward professionalism. Therefore there cannot be a universal number that will accurately reflect the police personnel needs of all jurisdictions. There are various ways of determining the appropriate number of police personnel for a given jurisdiction (Roseberg & Kuykendall, 1993). These include; Intuitively. Comparatively. By workload. The intuitive approach involves little more than an educated guess and is often based on tradition (personnel numbers from previous years). The approach is based on the number of crimes cleared or total number of arrests. These means, many administrators may demand more police officers be hired as crime rates increase. However it is noted that differences in crime rates should not be attributed to variations in the number of police. The research conducted by Bayley, 1994 found out that increases in the number of police closely parallel increase in crime rates. People tend to hire more police when crime rates increase, but this has no effect on the rate of crime increase. Comparative approach involves comparing one or more urban centers like cities using the ratio of police officers per one thousand population units. If the comparison city has a higher ratio of police to population, it is assumed that an increase in personnel is justified to at least the level of the comparison city (Roseberg & Kuykendall, 1993). The exclusive use of this method to compute police personnel needs is not recommended. Communities have unique characteristics concerning areas covered, crime rates, economic strength, mile of roads and others. These have an impact on the quantity of personnel required to fulfill service requests.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workload requires a clear information system, expressed performance standards, well-elaborated community expectations and prioritization of police activities (Roberg & Kuykendall, 1993). The workload analysis of patrol usually involves various steps which include documenting total patrol workload occurring. Determining the time taken to handle the workload, translating the data into number of patrol officers required, determining the number of patrol officers needed on different days and times and how best to assign patrol officers to various areas (Cordner & Sheehan, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The computation of patrol workload is complicated by the issue of uncommitted crime. Sometimes measurement of police demand services can be based on â€Å"work generating† variable like citizen calls for police service and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the workload analysis has been shown to be methodologically sound, few jurisdictions use this form. Administrators cite the cost, complexity of the formula and extensive data collection as the limitations that hinder using the workload formula. References Bayley, D. (1994). Police for the future. USA: Oxford University Press. Cordner, G. & Sheehan, R. (1999). Police Administration. USA: Anderson Pub. Co. Gaines, L., Kappeles, V. & Vaughn, J. (1999). Policing in America. USA: Anderson Pub. Co. Roberg, R., Kuykendall, L. (1993). Police and Society. USA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Drama Short Scene

CHARACTERS JENNA ROBERT GAS STATION ATTENDANT CHAPLIN [JENNA has been driving all night after a fight with her husband. JENNA leaves a truck stop with a cup of coffee and although it is not her nature to pick up hitch hikers, at this point she figures what is the worst that can happen? Death? Then so be it. ] ROBERT: Hey, can I get a ride? JENNA: Why not? Where are you headed? ROBERT: Oklahoma. JENNA: Okay. ROBERT: [Getting in car] Where are you from? Where are you going? JENNA: Jackson, Wyoming and Jackson, Wyoming ROBERT: Are you married? JENNA: Yes ROBERT: How far can you take me? JENNA: Twin Falls, Idaho.ROBERT: You have small breasts. Do you talk to spirits? JENNA: What? What do you mean? ROBERT: My girlfriend was small like you; she spoke to the spirits and became a double D overnight. JENNA: [White knuckled on the steering wheel] Where is your girlfriend? ROBERT: Oklahoma. JENNA: Do you work there? ROBERT: [Looking down at his lap] No, I blew up the oil truck I was driving bec ause I was angry. I got fired. I have no job and no money. I started my house on fire and burnt everything up. My girlfriend got mad at me because all her bras were burned. I am hoping she will forgive me when I get back to Oklahoma.When I get angry, I just snap. JENNA: [Tongue in cheek] Are you angry now? ROBERT: No, I feel better. Are you angry now? JENNA: No, just out for a drive. I love going for drives. ROBERT: Would your husband let me come home with you? You are so pretty. JENNA: Hmmm, sorry but I don’t think so. Oh, my gosh! ROBERT: What? JENNA: My radiator is overheating! ROBERT: Why? JENNA: I don’t know! But I need to stop and let it cool down. [JENNA pulls over and retrieves a book from the glove box. She is very nervous. ] ROBERT: What are you reading? JENNA: Just a story. ROBERT: I see the word kissing. Can I kiss you?JENNA: No, I don’t think that is a good idea. ROBERT: Ok. JENNA: [Starts the car. ] We will stop at the next gas station. ROBERT: Are you sure I can’t kiss you? JENNA: Don’t touch my leg again! ROBERT: Ok. JENNA: Stay in the car and I will go see if someone can help me. Or, maybe someone here can give you a ride directly to Oklahoma. ROBERT: No! I want to go with you! JENNA: Whatever, I will be right back. [JENNA walks into the gas station. Suddenly there is commotion in the parking lot. ] GAS STATION ATTENDANT: [Yelling at Jenna] Son of a bitch! If that antifreeze takes the paint off of the cars it sprayed on, your ass is grass!Your husband opened the radiator cap when it was hot! What in the hell is wrong with him? Stupid people! JENNA: He is not my husband and I am sorry. Can you look at my car and tell me why it is overheating? GAS STATION ATTENDANT: If it will get you the hell out of here! [JENNA waits nervously, hoping Robert will find a new ride and that there is nothing to serious wrong with her car. ] GAS STATION ATTENDANT: You need a new hose clamp, I have one. Twenty bucks. JENNA: Really? For a clamp? A little piece of metal? GAS STATION ATTENDANT: Take it or leave it. JENNA: I won’t have enough gas money to make it home!ROBERT: I can get you money for gas. JENNA: What? How? ROBERT: Trust me. JENNA: Ok, go ahead and fix the car. ROBERT: Trust me. JENNA: But how are you going to get money? ROBERT: Easy we will just ask for the chaplin. JENNA: What? What in the hell are you talking about? ROBERT: Trust me. JENNA: [Getting into the car] We only have about an hour to Twin Falls. ROBERT: Will you kiss me then? JENNA: No! ROBERT: Ok. JENNA: So tell me how your girlfriend received her double d breasts. ROBERT: It is simple. You pray to the body spirit, the breast spirit and the cosmetic spirit and the next day you will have big breasts.You really could use a little more you know. JENNA: Robert, with all due respect, I think your girlfriend got implants and lied to you. ROBERT: [Grabbing Jenna’s arm. ] She did not lie! I prayed with her! She got the gift! Do y ou understand me? JENNA: Please let go of me. I believe you. [Quietness the rest of the way. ] JENNA: We are here. Now what? Where do you want me to go? ROBERT: Find the police department. JENNA: Ok. [They drove around until they found the police department. ] JENNA: Here it is. Now what? ROBERT: Come with me. JENNA: Do I have to?ROBERT: [Waving her on into the police department] Can I speak to the chaplain please? CHAPLAIN: What can I do for you my son? ROBERT: She needs a gas voucher and I need a bus ticket to Oklahoma. We are stranded and are trying to get home. The car broke down a ways back and we have no money. I am hungry. CHAPLAIN: Have a seat please. JENNA: It looks like you have done this before. ROBERT: [Scowling] That is my business. JENNA: Ok. CHAPLAIN: Ok, here is a gas voucher for fifteen dollars that you can use at the Standard station right up the road and here is your bus ticket voucher along with a voucher for a hot dog and a soda.ROBERT: Thank you. Do you pray to the breast spirits? CHAPLAIN: Just be on your way now. Blessings to you. [Jenna drives to the bus station. ] JENNA: Here you go Robert. Have a safe trip. Thank you for helping me get enough gas to get home. Bye. See ya. ROBERT: Will you wait for the bus with me? JENNA: I really need to head home Robert. Thanks again. ROBERT: [Grabs Jenna’s arm and leans into her face] You will wait with me or I will pray to the death spirits to take your breath away. If I have to help them I will. JENNA: [Trembling] Ok Robert, I will wait with you.ROBERT: [At the bus window] A ticket to Oklahoma City please. A hot dog, soda and a cookie for her. JENNA: Oh no, that is alright. ROBERT: Eat it! JENNA: Ok. ROBERT: Here comes the bus. JENNA: Ok, let’s go. ROBERT: [Boarding the bus] But I want to go with you Jenna. Please? JENNA: Robert just board the bus. Your girlfriend is waiting for you. ROBERT: Ok but will you wait until the bus leaves? JENNA: Sure ROBERT: Good bye. [Jenna watches as t he bus pulls away, Robert waving goodbye. She goes back to her car. ] JENNA: [Sitting behind the wheel] Dear spirit of protection†¦ [She drives away. ]

How to Write a Teaching Interview Thank You Note

How to Write a Teaching Interview Thank You Note Congratulations! You just completed your teaching job interview. But, you are not done yet. It is essential that you write a thank you letter immediately after. While a thank you note wont get you hired, not sending one could cause you to move further down the potential employee list.  A thank you letter is your last chance for the school to learn about you, and why should be chosen for the job. Obviously, you should focus on thanking the person or persons with whom you talked. However, it should also make it clear why you are qualified for the job. It is a good idea to have everything ready for your thank you note before the interview even happens including the address and the stamp. This way, you may make any last minute corrections to e-mail addresses or the spelling of names. Being prepared in this way can also help you be familiar with names in advance. As soon as you can after the interview, sit down and try to recall the questions that were asked. Think about how you answered, and what points you did or may not have  included.   This letter can be a perfect opportunity to reiterate your educational philosophy in a succinct manner or to clarify any question you think may be necessary. You may want to point out any qualifications that were not mentioned in the interview itself that you feel are important. Writing a thank you letter can also help to assuage your concerns that you forgot to mention, for example, your proficiency with technology, or that you are willing to work as a coach after school. All this reflection immediately after the interview is why you should not draft your note in advance. An effective thank you note must be based on what actually happened in the interview. Finally, be sure to send your thank you letter as soon as possible, no later than two business days. Tips and Advice for Writing a Wonderful Thank You Letter Following are some excellent tips and hints that you can use to help you write great thank you letters. In most instances, it is best to type your thank you letter. It is also acceptable to send your letter as an email. This allows the letter to get there quickly.  If you were interviewed by more than one person, you should make the effort to write a letter to each person involved.Do check out the format of thank you letters, such as the examples on the Purdue Owl Writing Lab website.Make sure to directly address the interviewer in the greeting of the letter. Never use To Whom It May Concern.Include at least three short paragraphs, but keep the letter to one page. You may consider the following outline:​The first paragraph should be dedicated one to thanking the interviewer.Use the second paragraph to talk about your skills.Use the last paragraph to repeat your thanks, and let them know you are looking forward to hearing from them soon.Avoid using a thank you template directly from books or the internet as these can be too generic. You do not want your interviewer to think tha t you are only sending the thank you because you are supposed to. Your thank you letter needs to be specific to the job (grade/subject) for which you interviewed. If you say that you are qualified for the job, back it up with a specific reason from your own resume. You can also reiterate points that you made in the interview to back up your claims. This can help the interviewer remember specific aspects of your interview.Keep your tone confident in the letter. Do not mention any weaknesses that you are afraid you might have revealed during the interview.Do not send a gift with your thank you note. This can make you seem desperate and will most probably have the opposite effect of what you hope.Do not put pressure on the interviewer about when you need to hear back by. In almost all cases, you are not in the power position, and this will make you seem pushy.Avoid outright personal flattery in your letter.It is truly important that you carefully proofread your letter. Check spelling and grammar. Make sure that you have the correct spelling of the interviewer. Nothing could be worse than sending an email to someone with their name spelled incorre ctly.

How to Write About Extracurriculars on College Applications

How to Write About Extracurriculars on College Applications SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the trickiest parts of the Common App is understanding how to make the most of the extracurricular activity section. You might have a ton of activities - or not very many - and be wondering how you should write about your activities to impress college admissions readers. If you’ve felt stumped by what you’re supposed to do in this section and how to make the most of your very limited space, read on. In this guide I will tell you: How many extracurricular activities you should list How to choose which activities to list How to write about your extracurriculars But before we get into that, you may be wondering... Why Do You Need Extracurricular Activities in the First Place? Colleges love to see that students are active, contributing members of their communities. Even more importantly, they love to see students who are developing their talents and passions. When a student is actively involved in the community and other activities in high school, there is a good chance that they will be doing something similar in college. Universities like to be known as hubs of activity, charity, and culture, and it’s largely the students that make them that way. Because of this, the activities section of the Common App is very important. It’s your chance to show the admissions officers how you will become an actively contributing member of their school community. Remember that almost anything that you are actively and productively involved in can be considered an extracurricular activity. This includes things like having a job or taking care of family members. For the Common App, you'll need to reflect on what you have learned from your activities and how they have helped you develop. Admissions officers are going to be particularly interested in seeing how you have been involved in leadership positions and that you have dedicated a significant amount of time and energy to your activities. You know why you need extracurriculars and what the admissions officers most want to see. But do you know how many of them you need for your application? Want to build the best possible college application with a real expert? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. How Many Activities Should You List on the Common App? It’s time to seriously start looking at the application and what should and shouldn't be included under the activities section. The Common App gives you room to write about ten of your activities. But What If You Don’t Have 10 Activities? That’s absolutely fine. You don’t need to panic or try to make up activities just to fill in the blanks. In fact, college admissions advisors would prefer to see a few activities that you've made a significant dedication to than several activities that you've had lesser involvement in. It would be much better to show significant involvement, leadership, and personal development in two or three activities than it would be to write about ten activities that you were hardly involved in because you spread yourself too thin. A great looking application could have between one and three activities showing significant involvement (depending on the number of hours dedicated to each), and a few other activities with a lower level of involvement. These would likely either be from your earlier years in high school before you figured out what you were really passionate about, or a lesser interest that you have dedicated a couple hours a week to. What If You Have Too Many Activities? This will only really be a problem for a few people, though many might initially think it’s an issue. Admissions officers only want to see the activities that you have been engaged in significantly. There’s no hard and fast definition for what â€Å"significant involvement† looks like, but most people can work it out. If you helped out at your church’s pancake breakfast one year, that really doesn’t need to go on your application. But if you have volunteered at the hospital for 10 hours a week every week for four years, that definitely counts as significant involvement. In other words, you need to be looking for quality over quantity. Instead of aiming to fill each blank with something inconsequential just to have it filled, make sure that everything you include reflects a significant time investment and an experience that you learned from. You can often combine multiple activities under one heading if none of them is individually significant enough, or if you need to save space. Let’s say you play volleyball. You've been on the JV team at school for four years, you play club volleyball in the off-season, and every summer you both do volleyball camps and help coach camps for younger players. If you are running out of room, feel free to lump all of those together on the application as one activity. Finally, make sure you're not confusing academic awards with extracurricular activities. For example, many good students are accepted into the National Honors Society every year. If you've been accepted and that’s the extent of your involvement, list it as an academic honor. On the other hand, if you've been accepted, got elected as the president of your school chapter, organized weekly meetings, and planned several volunteer activities throughout the year, list it as an activity. What if you legitimately have more than ten activities you have been significantly involved in, and you feel your application would be incomplete without them? Never fear! The Common App does have an â€Å"Additional Information† section, and this is the place to let admissions officers know about these really important things that you couldn’t fit elsewhere. Just make sure they really are important! They’ll be rolling their eyes if you insisted on filling out this section to talk about the one hour you spent working at the pancake breakfast three years ago. Still not quite sure how you should choose from among your many activities? Read on for a step-by-step explanation of how to pick what activities you should write about, and how you should list them on your application. Step-by-Step Guide to Choosing Your Activities This part of the application is difficult because you have to convey a lot of information in a relatively small space. It’s important to brainstorm ahead of time to make sure that you'll be able to make the most of this section. Step 1: Write Down Your Activities On a piece of paper, write down a list of your activities. These can be almost anything that you have done in high school, from sports, to organized clubs, to outside hobbies and interests, to work or community service. For each activity, make sure you write down: The name of the organization where you did the activity (if applicable). A description of what you did. Feel free to go in-depth and fully explain your involvement. Did you attend meetings? Classes? Did you organize any activities? Write down any leadership roles you had – meaning any time you were responsible for the actions of other people, or had responsibilities beyond just being a participant. These do not need to be official. If you ran the meetings but didn’t have an official title, still write it down. Also include any achievements or special responsibilities you had. Were there any special projects that you did or were in charge of? If so, what specifically did you do? This can be a one-time thing (like organizing a food drive) or something more long-term, such as running a tutoring clinic throughout the school year. What were the dates that you participated in the activity? How many hours per week did you do? Your examples might look like this: Soccer Team: Member of my high school's soccer team, played forward position. JV team two years, Varsity team two years. Lead goal scorer my junior year. In charge of spring fundraiser that raised $800 to cover team travel costs. Animal Shelter Volunteer: Freshman through junior year. Volunteered 10 hours a week taking care of cats and dogs, cleaning cages, feeding animals, and interviewing potential owners at my local animal shelter. Received "Volunteer of the Month" award in May 2017. Outdoors Club: Member for four years, vice president my senior year. Attended and helped run weekly meetings as well as weekend events. Responsible for planning over 15 outdoor-related events that helped students experience the outdoors and get to know one another better. Step 2: Number Your Activities From Most Important to Least Important Base this off the amount of time you dedicated to the project, your leadership in the activity, and how important the activity has been for developing a passion or pursuing a future goal. Important note: Make sure that the order you put them in is the order of importance they have for you according to your passions and interests. Don’t just try to guess what the admissions officers want to see, because the whole point is to show off what is important to you. Why is this important? This is going to the be order that you list your activities on the application. It’s important that you put what’s most important to you at the top of the list so that you make it as obvious as possible to the college admissions officers. Don’t make them hunt through your list to see what your best contributions and activities are! Step 3: Have Your Parents or Friends Read Over Your List This is not only to check that you've remembered everything correctly, such as the dates and time commitments, but also to make sure that you haven’t missed out on anything important. Maybe that three hours a week you spent as a peer counselor slipped your mind. Always get someone to check it over and ask for anything they can contribute. Another reason it’s important to check in with someone else is to make sure that what you've written makes sense. Maybe you're used to certain acronyms or assume that everyone knows what the Quill and Scroll Club does! Step 4: Understand Your Story Now that you have your list, it’s important to reflect on it and try to think about how the admissions officers are going to see your activities. Do you think that the activities, as you have listed and described them, tell a story about who you are as a person? Is it a good representation of how you've spent the past four years outside of the classroom? And does it show what kind of contribution you will be making to a college community? At this point, it’s important to consider how you're presenting yourself. You may have heard that admissions officers are looking to create a well-rounded student body. While that’s true, that doesn’t mean that they are only looking for well-rounded students. Some students are â€Å"pointy." They have fantastic achievements in a certain area – and don’t have a lot outside that area. For example, imagine all your extracurricular activities are related to biology. You’re the president of the biology club at school, you’ve participated (and won awards) at various science competitions around your state over the past four years, you’ve worked with a professor at the local community college on some biological research, and you volunteer five hours per week as a bio tutor. Though you haven’t tried a lot of different things, you can still turn this into a great story about having a strong passion in one area. Admissions officers tend to like â€Å"pointy† students because their great focus shows that they have potential to make a big difference in the future of a certain field. A lot of â€Å"pointy† students with achievements in different areas will together make up a diverse student body. But realistically, most applicants aren't going to have such massive achievements in just one area. Well-rounded students also help make up a well-rounded student body, so try to think about how your diverse activities tell your story. You've probably learned different but valuable things from each experience, and having a diverse range of interests shows that you're not afraid to try new things – another thing that will be viewed positively by admissions officers. Also keep in mind that unusual activities often will stand out. Many students are involved in quite generic activities. While that isn’t bad, something different will definitely get you noticed, so don’t be afraid to include something a bit unorthodox on your list – especially if you’ve had a good achievement in it and it’s an important part of your story. So now that you know exactly what you’ll be writing about, let’s get into the details of how to actually fill out that application. Want to perfect your extracurriculars on your college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. How to Write About Your Extracurriculars: AKA Putting Your Twitter Skills to Use Let’s go through the Activities section of the Common App step by step. When you click on the Activities page, you’ll see a brief description of what’s expected in this section, and you can choose whether or not you have any activities that you would like to report. Click yes. Then press â€Å"Continue.† Next, click on â€Å"Activity 1." You’ll have a drop-down menu where you’ll be able to choose what kind of activity you’re going to talk about. Choose whatever best describes the #1 activity from the list you made previously. In the next box, you can put the Activity Name. You have 50 characters to fill out this section. The main rule for this is to be as detailed as you can within the character limit. This is because you want to save as much room as possible in the next section, where you have to describe the activity. Let’s say your activity is that you have spent the past four years playing the violin. You're the first chair violinist in a community orchestra, you're the soloist in your school’s concert band, you won local awards for your playing, and you've been taking lessons for 12 years. The bad way to phrase this would be: Violinist The great way to phrase this would be: Award-winning soloist/first chair violinist If you do this, you're making the most of your first 50 characters, and you can then use the Activity Description to elaborate on the points you have already raised in the Activity Name. Let’s move on to the Activity Description. In this box, you can use 150 characters to talk about details of your activity. While that may have been a challenge for older generations, it should be a breeze for anyone who is familiar with using Twitter! Look at your activity list that you wrote earlier. Choose the most important things for each activity – leadership positions, initiatives you ran, important contributions you made. What you should not write in this space is a general description of what the club or group does. Make this all about you and your role in the activity. Tip #1: Don’t try to use a full sentence here. Use action words and small phrases to describe what you've done. It’s ok to use symbols and abbreviations (, /, etc.) in order to save room. Tip #2: Be specific! Emphasize the numbers of what you did. How many people did you lead? How many people joined the club because of you? Exactly how much money did you raise for that cause? The more specific you are, the better picture you are painting for the admissions officer about what you actually achieved. Tip #3: Don’t exaggerate or lie about what you’ve done, but also make sure you aren’t modest. This is your time to shine and be proud of what you've accomplished. What if you don’t have room to write a complete enough description? Almost everyone will feel like they could write more, but try to refrain from doing so unless you really feel that something very important cannot be described well enough in the space given. If that’s the case, this is where the â€Å"Additional Information† section comes in. You’ll find this under the next section on the Common App, labelled â€Å"Writing.† If you do choose to use this space, make it clear that you are referring back to the Activity section. Continue to be brief and highlight the important things that you feel cannot be left out. Back on the Activities page, check the boxes for the years that you have participated in your activity, and also select if you participated in the activity during the school year, during breaks, or all year long. Next, fill in the number of weeks per year that you did the activity, and the hours per week. Finally, check if you would like to do something similar in college. You don't have to check â€Å"Yes† unless you really want to do something similar in college. It’s fine to want to explore new interests, but it’s recommended that you have at least one activity that you would like to continue in college. When you're finished, click on the â€Å"Preview† button. Read through it to make sure that you have no mistakes, that it makes sense, and that it says everything you want it to say. Feel free to repeat with up to nine other activities. Congratulations! You have now completed one of the most difficult sections of the Common App! What’s Next? Trying to get inspired?Check out our guide with four amazing extracurricular examples. These will be sure to help you stand out from the crowd! Looking for more extracurriculars to participate in? Here's a list of hundreds of extracurricular activities you can choose from. Now that you know more about how to write about extracurriculars, check outthe number one thing colleges wish students knew. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Labor power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labor power - Assignment Example The intrinsic value of a commodity, which is labor related, determines its exchange value, a concept he calls â€Å"the law of value.† are robbed of their rightful sweat. This is indeed the reason why Marx called for the elimination of profits and for workers to conquer of capitalists. the value of labor-power manifests as subsistence means. According to Marx, profit originates from exploitation of workers by capitalists. He explained that profits result when capitalists pay workers less than the actual value they add to the commodities they produce. Marx explains the main distinction between societies by arguing that the difference in the â€Å"mode in which the surplus-labor is in each case extracted from the actual producer, the laborer† (Marx and Engels 241). Despite the fact that capitalist workers, they (workers) cannot stop to work because they have no choice. Workers own labor but lack the means like tools, and raw materials to execute labor. For them to acquire these resources, they have no alternative but to sell their labor-power to the exploitative capitalists. In Marx’s model, profits keep falling because of increased efficiency in production, which translates to less labor utilization and spending more on labor-saving, efficient machinery. As such, the capitalists own attempt to increase prof it result into falling rate of